Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) stands as the predominant form of kidney cancer, comprising about 90% of kidney cancer cases. It accounts for roughly 3% of all cancer diagnoses, with a notably higher occurrence in Western countries, likely linked to the increased detection of small renal masses. Despite advancements in targeted therapies and immunotherapies, the prognosis for stage IV RCC remains challenging, with a 5-year survival rate of only 17%. Furthermore, non-clear cell RCC